約克市擁有鵝卵石鋪成的街道、高聳的大教堂和中世紀的魅力，擁有豐富多樣的歷史，跨越了幾個世紀。 它的名字經歷了幾次轉變，每一次都反映了曾經居住在這座古城的文化的影響。讓我們踏上一段引人入勝的時光之旅，探索約克的 維京 歷史和他們留下的遺產。

名稱的由來：

約克的名字始於羅馬人，他們於西元 71 年建立了這座城市。他們稱它為“Eboracum”，源自凱爾特語，意思是“紫杉樹的地方”。羅馬人認識到這座城市位於烏斯河和福斯河交匯處的戰略意義，他們建造了堅固的防禦工事以保護它免受周圍沼澤地區的侵害。

輸入角度：

羅馬人離開后 ，日爾曼部落盎格魯人在該地區定居。由於他們自己的語言和文化影響，他們錯誤地將“Eboracum”誤讀為“Eoforwic”，意思是“野豬村”。盎格魯人將這座城市視為自己的城市，併為其發展增添了獨特的色彩。

維京人到來：

西元9世紀，來自斯堪的納維亞半島的著名海員維京人將目光投向了英格蘭海岸。865年，臭名昭著的維京領袖 無骨伊瓦爾和他的兄弟們發動了大規模入侵，並於 866 年佔領了約克。隨著他們的到來，先進的造船技術和航海知識隨之而來，這大大提升了約克作為商業中心的地位。這座城市通過烏斯河和漢伯河進入北海，為維京人開闢了有利可圖的貿易機會。

從約維克到約克：

維京人帶著獨特的口音，將這座城市稱為“Jorvik”，這個名字的變體從此成為他們在約克的同義詞。維京人對這座城市的影響是巨大的，對其建築、習俗和文化產生了持久的影響。

欣欣向榮的交易中心： 

Despite the Viking invasions and intermittent threats, York continued to flourish as a vital trading port during the Norman period. By the 14th century, it had become England’s second-richest city, driven by a thriving wool and grain trade. York’s merchants exported these goods to Northern Europe while importing exotic fruits from Spain.

黑死病的黑影：

約克的繁榮並非沒有挑戰。毀滅性的 黑死病於 1349 年到達這座城市，部分是由亨伯河上的商船引入的。疫情迅速摧毀了約克的人口，並導致其財富和影響力下降。這種多米諾骨牌效應導致了社會和經濟的混亂，社會結構和文化習俗的變化。和宗教後果。

與其他受疫情影響的城市一樣，這座城市在危機過後面臨重大挑戰，但最終在隨後的幾個世紀里堅持了下來並重建了自己。

約克的維京歷史是其身份不可或缺的一部分，在這座城市的景觀和遺產上留下了不可磨滅的印記。從羅馬起源的“Eboracum”到維京時代的“Jorvik”，這座城市的名字隨著歷史的變化而演變。儘管發生了這些變化，約克仍然是一個重要的城市，特別是在教育、旅遊和遺產領域。

今天，約克是一個活生生的證明，證明瞭其人民的韌性和充滿活力的文化掛毯，這些文化在各個時代塑造了這座迷人的城市。當您穿過狹窄的街道並探索其歷史遺迹時，請記住，在現代外表之下是一座擁有迷人過去的城市，等待被發現和珍惜。其豐富的歷史、中世紀建築和文化景點繼續吸引著來自世界各地的遊客。 雖然它的經濟或政治影響力可能不如中世紀時期，但約克仍然是英國一個充滿活力且具有歷史意義的城市。

FAQs – York’s Viking History: Unraveling the Origins of Jorvik

What is Jorvik, and how does it relate to York?

Jorvik was the name given to York during the Viking period when Norse settlers took control of the city in 866 AD. The name derives from the Old Norse word Jórvík, which became the Viking stronghold and trading center in Northern England. The Viking occupation had a profound and lasting impact on York’s culture, economy, and society.

How did the Vikings come to control York?

In 866 AD, a Viking army known as the Great Heathen Army captured York after a surprise assault. York’s strategic location and thriving trade routes made it an attractive target for Viking settlers, and after its capture, it was transformed into a powerful Viking kingdom that became the capital of the Danelaw—the area of England under Viking rule.

What was life like in Jorvik under Viking rule?

Life in Jorvik was bustling and cosmopolitan. It became a major trading hub, where goods from across Europe and beyond were bought, sold, and exchanged. The population included not only Norse settlers but also Anglo-Saxons and other immigrants who contributed to the city’s vibrant culture. Excavations have revealed evidence of workshops, homes, and markets, indicating a thriving and diverse society.

What were the main trades and industries in Jorvik?

Jorvik’s economy thrived through trade, craftsmanship, and agriculture. Skilled artisans produced goods such as metalwork, jewelry, textiles, and pottery, while traders imported and exported goods across the North Sea and beyond. York’s location along the rivers Ouse and Foss made it an ideal center for trade, connecting Jorvik with the wider Viking world.

What kind of artifacts have been discovered in Jorvik?

Archaeological excavations, especially those conducted in the 1970s at Coppergate, unearthed a treasure trove of Viking-era artifacts, including:

• Coins and jewelry showcasing intricate craftsmanship.
• Tools and weapons used in daily life and for defense.
• Bone and antler combs that demonstrate advanced grooming practices.
• Leather shoes and textiles provide insight into Viking clothing and fashion.

What was the role of religion in Jorvik?

Religion in Jorvik reflected a blend of Norse pagan beliefs and Christianity. Early Viking settlers brought their Norse gods, including Odin, Thor, and Freyja, but over time, many Vikings in Jorvik converted to Christianity, influenced by the local Anglo-Saxon population. The discovery of Christian burial sites and crosses suggests that by the 10th century, Christianity had taken hold in the region.

Who were the notable Viking rulers of Jorvik?

Jorvik was ruled by several notable Viking kings, including:

• Halfdan Ragnarsson (867–877 AD): One of the leaders of the Great Heathen Army who played a pivotal role in establishing Viking control.
• Guthred (883–895 AD): A Christian Viking ruler who strengthened ties between the Vikings and the local Anglo-Saxon population.
• Eric Bloodaxe (947–954 AD): The last Viking king of Jorvik, whose death marked the end of Viking rule and the return of Anglo-Saxon control.

How did Viking rule in Jorvik come to an end?

Viking rule in Jorvik ended in 954 AD when Eric Bloodaxe was defeated, and the city was brought back under Anglo-Saxon control by King Eadred of Wessex. This marked the end of the Viking Kingdom of Jorvik, but the Viking influence on York’s culture and heritage remained for centuries.

How has Jorvik’s Viking legacy influenced modern York?

Jorvik’s Viking legacy is still evident today in York’s street names, archaeological sites, and local culture. The Jorvik Viking Centre allows visitors to step back in time and experience what life was like in 10th-century Jorvik. Annual events like the Jorvik Viking Festival celebrate the city’s Viking heritage, drawing visitors from around the world.

What is the Jorvik Viking Centre, and why is it important?

The Jorvik Viking Centre is a world-renowned museum and immersive experience that transports visitors to Viking-age York. It is built on the site of the famous Coppergate excavations, where thousands of Viking artifacts were discovered. Through interactive exhibits, reconstructed Viking streets, and realistic soundscapes, the centre brings the sights, sounds, and smells of Jorvik to life, offering a vivid glimpse into York’s Viking past.

Can visitors see Viking remains in York today?

Yes, visitors can see Viking artifacts and remains at the Jorvik Viking Centre, where many of the objects uncovered during excavations are on display. Additionally, the Yorkshire Museum houses Viking treasures and relics that offer further insights into life in Jorvik.

原始發佈日期： 2023 年 8 月 2 日